Background & Purpose: Salt and pepper change is the retinal change that occurs in human retina and its cause is not entirely known. In the present study, the retina of patients infected with Giardia lamblia living in Tehran was examined for presence of "salt and pepper" retinal change. Methods& Patients: 50 girdiasis patients were selected as study group and 50 healthy individuals as control group. The retina of two groups was tested by ophthalmologist. White blood cells and eosinophila percentage were counted in haematology lab. For measurements of IgA and IgG Levels, SRID technique, and for IgE level, ELISA technique was applied. Results & Conclusion: The results indicated, six patients of study group showed "salt and pepper" retinal change in their eyes. When the patients treated with metronidazole, the ocular change disappeared in three of them. In addition, eosinophila percentage, IgA, IgE and IgG levels in the infected patients were found increased significantly in comparison with control group. Meanwhile, among patients with ocular change and without ocular change the differences of eosinophila percentage and IgE levels were found significant, According to IgA and IgG levels, no significant difference between two groups were observed.    

In this research effects of 25, 35, 45 PPt. salt concentrations & different intensities of luminance 2000, 3500, 6000 1ux have been used to purification and isolation of two unicellular algae Nannochloropsis sp. and Isochrysi sp. in a mixed medium. Walne medium culture containing B12 and B1 vitamins in pH 8.The growth of algae was studied during a 7 days period. Results showed that Nannochloropsis oculata has the highest growth in 25 PPt salt concentration and 6000Lux. luminance. While Isochrysis galbanum has the least growth under these conditions. So it is concluded that we can isolate and purify these two algae and by 100%purification by this way. We suggest the method is a suitable method to purify unicellular algae to have some special researches on them.

The sulfate ion is one of the contaminations in natural salt. This impurity affects on quality and taste of culinary salt. One of the salt purification methods is SALEX process. In this method, saturated saline is used for extraction of impurities from salt. In this study effective parameters for removing of sulfate contamination are considered in SALEX method. At first the effects of salt particles size, washing time, saline volume to salt weight ratio and hardness of saline (according to calcium carbonate) were studied. Then the effects of all parameters, with random quantity, were considered synchronizely. Finally all data analyzed by statistical methods. The main and mutual effects are obtained by factorial analysis of variance. The results show that the maximum removal of sulfate are obtained by using of 0.25 mm particles size during 10 minute washing time with 10 to 1 (ml/g) ratio of saline/salt and 125 – 175 mg/l calcium carbonate concentration in washing solution.

An extremely halophilic archaeon, Haloarcula sp. IRU1 which isolated from Uromia lake can produce carotenoid pigments. In this study, we assayed several methods for pigment extraction by using different solvents, ultimately, the cell breakage by employing relatively soft glass powder and acetone: hexane as solvents was selected as the best method. Then, the pigments were separated by Thin Layer Chromatography. In order to pigment separating, we examined several solvents with different percentages and the best separating was performed with acetone: petroleum ether (35:65; v/v). There were appeared six bands on TLC plate and the first one with the least RF was the most high intensity band. A few carotenoid standards were used for primary identification of pigments. The highest intensity band on TLC plate was determined as the main pigment component in this archaeon and was scraped off from TLC for identification. For pigment analyzing, UV-Visible, FT-IR, Mass Spectrometry and NMR spectrums of this band were taken and compared with present references. These results suggested the main pigment of this archaeon is bacterioruberin which is sterified with acetate group.

The global scarcity of fresh water and the extensive use of Reverse Osmosis (RO) systems for drinking water production necessitates optimizing operational conditions to enhance membrane lifespan and water quality. This study investigates the factors affecting the efficiency of the RO process at the Genaveh Combined Cycle Power Plant to optimize water purification (reducing electrical conductivity). The impact of pressure, temperature, recovery rate, and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) concentration of feed water on salt rejection and permeate flow rate was examined. Regarding the rate of salt rejection, changes in the concentration of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, SO42-, NO3-, and SiO2- ions were investigated and measured using titration methods, an online sodium meter, and a spectrophotometer. Results indicate that feed water pressure significantly influences permeate flow rate, with a linear increase from 27.1 to 32 m³/hr as pressure rises from 10 to 18 bar, peaking at 18 bar. This increase in pressure also enhances salt rejection, as evidenced by the rising ion removal rate. Improving feed water temperature from 17 ͦ C to 35 ͦ C increases permeate flow rate, indicating a direct relationship, while the trend of ion removal decreases with temperature. An increase in the TDS concentration from 710 to 875 ppm results in a decrease in the permeate flow rate. Additionally, a decreasing trend is observed in the percentage change of pure water recovery compared to the permeate flow rate and ion removal. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing RO system performance in water treatment processes

Purification is one of the concepts that has many usage in the literature of education system. Often we use this concept with the known sentence "Purification Precedes Instruction". In this paper, this known sentence is challenged and with the investigation of Koran verses and related interpretations and also from the view of the philosophical discussion of transposition, this precedence is falsified. At the end of paper, we introduce another definition of the concept of purification from two points of views which is in line with the integrative thought on education and instruction.

What is PCR purification.PCR Purification Protocol is designed to purify double stranded DNA fragments from PCR and other enzymatic reactions. Fragments from 100bp to 10kb are purified from primers, nucleotides, polymerases and salts using QIAquick spin columns in a microcentrifuge. Even if distinct bands of the expected size are observed, primer dimers should be removed by PCR purification method. In the absence of the purification, the proofreading activity of DNA polymerase will degrade the PCR fragments or remove the 3' terminal deoxyadenosine from the vector during ligation reaction.